Pyramids Beneath the Forest: A Global Phenomenon and the Dilemma Between Archaeological Discovery and Ecological Preservation

Abstract

Over the past several decades, hundreds of pyramid-shaped structures around the world have remained obscured beneath layers of forest, vegetation, and soil — often misclassified, neglected, or unexplored due to ecological, cultural, or political barriers. This article presents the first comprehensive global overview of forested pyramids across continents, including sites in China, Indonesia, Mesoamerica, Bosnia, the United States, Cambodia, and the Mediterranean. Drawing from over 30 years of firsthand archaeological exploration and field research, this work analyzes the materials, geometry, orientation, and preservation status of these hidden structures. The paper frames a critical dilemma facing modern archaeology: whether to preserve forest ecosystems that now cover these monuments or excavate and restore the pyramids to advance scientific knowledge and sustainable tourism. Special focus is given to material durability, local ecological conditions, and stakeholder positions (scientific, governmental, and public). The article proposes a tiered strategy for excavation and site management based on construction quality and cultural value, advocating for a balanced approach between conservation and discovery.