Systematic Archaeological Investigation of the Ravne Underground Complex in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Abstract

The Ravne underground complex near Visoko, Bosnia and Herzegovina, is among the most extensively investigated subsurface archaeological contexts in Southeastern Europe. Since its identification in 2005, systematic archaeological, geological, and geodetic research has been conducted through annually permitted field campaigns. This article presents a descriptive and methodological synthesis of excavation data from the Ravne underground complex (2005–2025), drawing on stratigraphic excavation, architectural documentation, artefact analysis, and spatial surveying. Investigations have documented interconnected underground passages developed within Quaternary conglomerate deposits, together with recurring features such as shaped corridors, dry-stone constructions, sealed side passages, and intentionally emplaced infill. More than 3,300 ceramic fragments, along with lithic, metal, faunal, and organic remains, have been recovered from stratigraphically controlled contexts. Ceramic typology and radiocarbon dating indicate repeated human interaction with the underground space from prehistoric through medieval periods. The study emphasizes empirical documentation and methodological transparency, providing a structured framework for evaluating long-term modification and reuse of subterranean archaeological contexts.