The Bosnian Pyramid of the Dragon: A GIS-Based Spatial Analysis of Alignments, Triangular Configurations, Fibonacci Structures, and Network Centrality

Abstract

The Bosnian Pyramid of the Dragon represents one of the principal topographic features within the Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids near Visoko, Bosnia and Herzegovina. While previous studies have examined individual geometric relationships among major features of the valley, the present study investigates whether the Bosnian Pyramid of the Dragon occupies a central position within the broader spatial geometry of a predefined land- scape dataset. Using geodetic coordinates, LiDAR-derived digital elevation models, topographic datasets, and Geographic Information System (GIS) analyses, eleven summit and landscape locations selected prior to geometric evaluation were analyzed. The investigation included linear alignments, tri- angular configurations, logarithmic geometric models based on Fibonacci proportions, geometric centrality measures, combinatorial ranking analyses, predictive geometry assessments, and network robustness tests. Particular attention was given to the role of the Bosnian Pyramid of the Dragon within recurrent geometric structures identified across the study area. The results reveal that the Bosnian Pyramid of the Dragon participates in the principal linear alignment connecting the Bosnian Pyramid of the Moon and the Tem- ple of Mother Earth, forms one vertex of a highly regular Sun-Moon-Dragon triangle, and serves as a defining node in multiple logarithmic geometric models. Combinatorial analyses indicate that these relationships rank among the strongest geometric configurations identified within the selected summit network. Motif participation and peak-removal robustness analyses further indicate that the Bosnian Pyramid of the Dragon serves as the most con- nected geometric node in the analyzed network, resulting in the greatest re- duction in network connectivity when removed from the dataset. The ob- How to cite this paper: Osmanagich, S. (2026) The Bosnian Pyramid of the Dragon: A GIS-Based Spatial Analysis of Alignments, Triangular Configurations, Fibonacci Structures, and Network Central- ity. International Journal of Geosciences, 17, 449-477. https://doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2026.177022 Received: June 3, 2026 Accepted: July 3, 2026 Published: July 6, 2026 Copyright © 2026 by author(s) and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Open Access S. Osmanagich DOI: 10.4236/ijg.2026.177022 450 International Journal of Geosciences served convergence of linear, triangular, and logarithmic geometries on the Bosnian Pyramid of the Dragon suggests that this location occupies a dis- tinctive structural position within the spatial organization of the analyzed landscape dataset. The study demonstrates how GIS-based geometric net- work analysis can be applied to investigate complex spatial relationships among prominent landscape features and provides a quantitative framework for evaluating large-scale geometric patterns in cultural landscapes. The re- sults should be interpreted as spatial observations derived from a predefined analytical dataset and do not, by themselves, establish intentional design, chronology, cultural agency, or anthropogenic origin.