Scientific Articles (48)

Archaeological Excavation of the Ravne 6 Tunnel (Visoko, Bosnia and Herzegovina): Results from the 2025 Field Season

International Journal of Geosciences

Ravne 6 forms part of the Ravne underground complex near Visoko, Bosnia and Herzegovina (43˚59'44'' N; 18˚09'39'' E; 496.650 m a.s.l.). In 2025, a formally authorized stratigraphic excavation was conducted in this tunnel section for the first time. Work focused on documenting sedimentary infill, architectural features, and depositional relationships within a confined subterranean environment developed in conglomeratic deposits. Excavation proceeded manually following stratigraphic principles. All excavated sediments were dry sieved through a 5 mm mesh. Organic materials were recovered by hand using gloves and stored separately; no flotation was employed. The tunnel plan and excavation extent were recorded through a geodetic survey. The exposed sequence consisted of compact clay-rich deposits with rounded conglomerate inclusions, locally interrupted by dry-stone constructions, including a linear wall-like feature extending approximately 5 m along one section of the tunnel. Material recovered from documented contexts includes wooden artifacts and faunal remains. Several dry-stone structures were recorded in situ. Three wood samples (FTMC-DT95-1, 2, 3) were analyzed by accelerator mass spectrometry at the Vilnius Radiocarbon Laboratory. The conventional radiocarbon ages (415 ± 29 BP; 433 ± 28 BP; 402 ± 29 BP) calibrate to the late 15th-early 16th centuries CE (IntCal20, 2σ). These dates indicate phases of use or deposition during the late medieval period and relate specifically to the dated wooden material. The 2025 excavation provides a controlled stratigraphic and architectural record for Ravne 6 and establishes a documented empirical basis for continued investigation within the Ravne underground complex.

Evaluating a posteriori geometric hypotheses in spatial data: Constrained logarithmic curve patterns in a summit landscape

International Journal of Recent Advances in Multidisciplinary Research

Geometric patterns identified in spatial data after inspection are difficult to evaluate statistically. When hypotheses are formulated a posteriori, conventional tests can overestimate significance because exploratory choices are not accounted for. This problem is pronounced in small-N spatial point sets, where model flexibility and feature selection strongly influence outcomes.A constrained evaluation framework is applied to assess a posteriori geometric hypotheses in spatial data. The approach limits the geometric degrees of freedom and conditions tests on a fixed set of candidate points. It is intended for situations in which a geometric pattern is first observed and then formally assessed. Point-to-curve deviations are used to compare the observed configuration with alternative spatial and geometric arrangements subject to specified constraints.The framework is demonstrated using a summit landscape in Central Bosnia, where a constrained logarithmic curve pattern has been proposed to link a small set of named summit locations derived from LiDAR data. The observed configuration occupies an extreme position relative to alternative constrained configurations within the defined summit set.The analysis is limited to spatial geometry and does not address origin or interpretation. The contribution is a transparent method for evaluating a posteriori geometric hypotheses in small-N spatial datasets.

A Multi-Seasonal Solar Landscape System: Cultural and Archaeological Implications of Monumental Shadow Interactions in the Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids

Large-scale solar alignments in archaeological contexts are typically treated as single-event phenomena, most often associated with solstices or equinoxes. The Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids presents a different pattern: a sequence of repeated solar interactions distributed across the annual cycle. This paper analyzes shadow relationships between the Bosnian Pyramids of the Sun, the Moon, and Love using LiDAR-derived elevation models, geodetic data, and solar geometry, supported by multi-season field observations. At the summer solstice, the shadow of the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun extends toward the Bosnian Pyramid of the Moon. At mid-summer (early August), the same shadow reaches the summit of the Bosnian Pyramid of the Moon. At the equinox, two concurrent interactions are recorded: the shadow of the Sun Pyramid approaches from the northern sector, while the shadow of the Love Pyramid extends along an east-west axis across the same structure. At the winter solstice, the Bosnian Pyramid of the Moon is positioned between opposing shadow trajectories from both sides of the valley. These patterns match calculated solar azimuths and are consistent across both observed and modeled data. Rather than isolated alignments, the evidence reveals a recurring seasonal sequence embedded in the landscape’s spatial organization. This configuration indicates a systematic relationship between monument placement and the annual solar cycle, supporting the interpretation of the valley as an integrated observational landscape.

Reconstructing History Through Geometry: The Bosnian Pyramid of Love as a Spatial and Cultural Node in the Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids

Geometric relationships in the Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids point to a structured spatial system centered on the Bosnian Pyramid of Love. Its position between the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun and the Bosnian Pyramid of the Moon is not only intermediate but also functionally significant. Linear alignments, angular relationships close to 60°, and a Fibonacci-based spatial framework all converge at this location. Equinoctial observations provide the clearest evidence of repeated interaction. On both 21 March and 23 September, the shadow of the Bosnian Pyramid of Love covers the western slope of the Bosnian Pyramid of the Moon, while the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun projects a complementary shadow along the same east-west axis. The same configuration appears twice per year, without deviation. Such repetition distinguishes this landscape from many archaeological sites where single alignments dominate. Here, multiple geometric and solar relationships operate together, forming a coherent system rather than isolated correspondences. Within a cultural and archaeological context, the Bosnian Pyramid of Love can be interpreted as a central node that links geometry, orientation, and seasonal observation. Its position suggests a role extending beyond morphology, potentially functioning as a reference point within a broader spatial and symbolic framework. Keywords: cultural history, historical landscape analysis, Bosnian Pyramid of Love, archaeological interpretation, geometry, archaeoastronomy, equinox alignment, solar shadow interactions, geometric relationships, landscape organization, Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids

Systematic Archaeological Investigation of the Ravne Underground Complex in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Archaeological Discovery

The Ravne underground complex near Visoko, Bosnia and Herzegovina, is among the most extensively investigated subsurface archaeological contexts in Southeastern Europe. Since its identification in 2005, systematic archaeological, geological, and geodetic research has been conducted through annually permitted field campaigns. This article presents a descriptive and methodological synthesis of excavation data from the Ravne underground complex (2005–2025), drawing on stratigraphic excavation, architectural documentation, artefact analysis, and spatial surveying. Investigations have documented interconnected underground passages developed within Quaternary conglomerate deposits, together with recurring features such as shaped corridors, dry-stone constructions, sealed side passages, and intentionally emplaced infill. More than 3,300 ceramic fragments, along with lithic, metal, faunal, and organic remains, have been recovered from stratigraphically controlled contexts. Ceramic typology and radiocarbon dating indicate repeated human interaction with the underground space from prehistoric through medieval periods. The study emphasizes empirical documentation and methodological transparency, providing a structured framework for evaluating long-term modification and reuse of subterranean archaeological contexts.

A GIS-Based Spatial Null Model Framework for Evaluating Logarithmic Spiral Patterns in Point Sets

Journal of Geographic Information System

This study develops and applies a GIS-based spatial null model framework to evaluate whether observed point sets exhibit constrained logarithmic spiral patterns beyond what would be expected under spatial randomness and alternative structured configurations. We integrate exhaustive enumeration, Monte Carlo randomization, and constraint-preserving null ensembles within a GIS environment that explicitly limits geometric degrees of freedom to test multiple candidate geometric hypotheses. Spatial datasets of summit coordinates were prepared and analyzed as standardized GIS point layers to demonstrate practical implementation. Null models preserve varying degrees of spatial constraints to reflect alternative generative processes. The framework quantifies departures from each null distribution using robust pattern statistics, emphasizing reproducibility and transferability across spatial datasets. Results highlight the approach’s capacity to distinguish between random, constraint-driven, and highly structured spiral configurations in point patterns. This methodology operationalizes falsification-based spatial hypothesis testing in GIS research and offers a generalizable toolset for pattern analysis in geographic information systems.

When Landscape Becomes Geometry II: Multi-Anchor Fibonacci Spiral Modeling in the Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids

International Journal of Geosciences

This study extends prior geometric analysis of the Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids by evaluating Fibonacci-based logarithmic spiral modeling within a fixed geodetic coordinate framework. Using high-resolution LiDAR data and predefined summit-level reference points, spiral trajectories governed by a constant golden-ratio growth factor (φ ≈ 1.618) were applied under bounded scale and orientation parameters. A uniform ±20 m positional tolerance threshold and a minimum three-node intersection criterion were enforced. Formal Monte Carlo testing (10,000 iterations) was conducted for the Sun-anchored configuration under symmetric spatial redistribution with identical parameter constraints. The resulting four-node intersection lies in the upper tail of the simulated distribution, indicating that comparable multi-node coherence occurs infrequently under uniform spatial randomness within the valley envelope. Additional anchor points exhibit descriptive multi-node spiral correspondences under the same modeling framework but were not subjected to independent hypothesis testing. The probability estimates presented are conditional on the defined planar null model and do not incorporate terrain-constrained redistribution. When considered alongside previously documented linear and triangular spatial relationships, the results suggest that curved proportional geometry may operate within an already structured coordinate network. The study’s primary contribution is methodological: it demonstrates that fixed-growth spiral models, when evaluated using bounded parameter grids and explicit Monte Carlo testing, provide a reproducible framework for assessing curved geometric hypotheses in complex landscapes.

An Anthropological Interpretation of the Subterranean Ravne Tunnel System (Central Bosnia)

Journal of Advances in Anthropology

The subterranean Ravne tunnel system in central Bosnia contains a dense con- centration of architectural features, artifacts, and environmental conditions that point to sustained human activity underground. Archaeological documen- tation, spatial mapping, stratigraphic observations, and recently published en- vironmental studies are combined to examine how these tunnels were shaped, used, and modified over time. Dry-stone walls, blocked passages, shifts in tun- nel direction, and water-bearing sections indicate deliberate organization of space rather than accidental or short-term use. Artifacts recovered from within the tunnels, including tools and organic material, provide direct evidence of repeated human presence and activity. Stable microclimatic conditions and the presence of structured subterranean water are considered as part of a broader human-environment relationship. The Ravne system is interpreted here as a managed subterranean landscape with clear cultural and behavioral signifi- cance.

From Independence to Scholarly Integration: A Documented Case Study

Asian Journal of Science and Technology

Independent researchers operating outside formal academic institutions frequently encounter structural barriers to scholarly participation, including limited access to peer-review channels, epistemic skepticism toward non-affiliated authors, and reduced bibliometric visibility. While open-access publishing has expanded dissemination opportunities, it has not fully resolved legitimacy asymmetries embedded in institutional science (Merton, 1973; Latour, 1987). This articledraws on the author’s own longitudinal researchexamining the methodological transition of an independent researcher from marginal academic positioning to sustained participation within the peer-reviewed scholarly ecosystem—while maintaining full institutional independence. Using verifiable bibliometric data (DOIs, ORCID records, indexed publications), conference proceedings, and interdisciplinary peer-review outcomes from 2005–2025, the study identifies concrete strategies enabling scholarly integration. Results indicate that independence and scholarly legitimacy are not mutually exclusive when methodological rigor, transparent metrics, bibliometric traceability, and discipline- appropriate framing are systematically applied. The article proposes a replicable pathway model for independent researchers seeking scholarly integration without institutional affiliation, contributing to contemporary discussions on open science, decentralization of research authority, and post-institutional knowledge production.

When Landscape Becomes Geometry: Fibonacci Spiral Patterning Anchored at the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun

International Journal of Geosciences

Evaluating large-scale spatial organization in natural landscapes is challeng- ing, particularly when geometric patterns are distributed across multiple ref- erence points rather than centered on a single location. Earlier work identified spiral-like configurations in the Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids. The present analysis extends those observations by testing whether such configurations conform to logarithmic spirals derived from Fibonacci growth models. High- resolution LiDAR data and geodetic coordinates are used to construct fixed geometric spirals anchored to prominent topographic and hydrological fea- tures. To determine whether observed alignments could arise by chance, Monte Carlo simulations are applied to randomized spatial distributions con- strained by identical spatial boundaries. Several spiral trajectories intersect key landscape features more frequently than expected under random placement. These intersections recur across independent anchor points and do not rely on a single geometric center. The results indicate non-random spatial struc- ture consistent with Fibonacci-based spiral models within the applied con- straints. No inference is made regarding cultural intent, symbolic meaning, or chronology. The focus of the work is methodological, emphasizing reproduc- ible GIS-based testing of spatial organization in complex landscapes.

Geometric and Statistical Modeling of Large-Scale Spatial Similarity using Fibonacci-Based Metrics A Case Study of Terrestrial and Celestial Point Networks

International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Applications (IJCSEA)

Comparing large spatial systems is difficult when the elements belong to different physical domains and scales. In this work, spatial similarity is examined using a combination of geometric ratios, angular relationships, and statistical testing, with particular emphasis on Fibonacci-based proportions. The analysis focuses on whether structured point networks exhibit measurable correspondence that exceeds random expectation. The terrestrial dataset consists of summit points and geomorphological reference locations in the Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids, derived from LiDAR surveys and geodetic measurements. The celestial dataset is based on high-precision astrometric coordinates of the main stars of the Pleiades cluster obtained from the Gaia mission. Distances between points were normalized and compared using golden-ratio thresholds, angular separations were evaluated within fixed tolerance limits, and overall geometric similarity was assessed through rotation- and scale-invariant Procrustes alignment. Several inter-point relationships on the terrestrial landscape approximate Fibonacci proportions within a 2% deviation. Angular relationships between corresponding point sets converge within ±2°, and Procrustes alignment produces a low root-mean-square deviation, indicating strong geometric similarity after normalization. To test whether such correspondence could arise by chance, 100,000 Monte Carlo simulations were performed using randomized point configurations constrained by the same spatial bounds. Only 2.1% of randomized cases produced equal or stronger similarity, yielding a p-value of 0.021. The results do not imply cultural intent or causal connection but demonstrate that the observed spatial coherence is statistically unlikely to be random under the applied constraints. The methods used here are reproducible and can be applied to other spatial modeling problems where proportional structure, orientation, and pattern similarity are of interest

GIS Analysis of Linear and Spiral Geometries in the Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids

Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ)

Spatial relationships among major geomorphological and archaeological features in the Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids were examined using GIS-based methods. The analysis focused on linear alignments and spiral geometries linking pyramid summits, tumuli, and underground tunnel systems. High-resolution LiDAR data, digital elevation models (DEM), satellite imagery, and GPS-derived coordinates were processed using spatial statistics, regression analysis, and Monte Carlo simulations to determine whether the observed configurations exceed random landscape distributions. The results identify statistically significant linear alignments and a strong correspondence with a Fibonacci-based spiral geometry, with correlation coefficients exceeding R² = 0.99 and probability values below p < 0.01. These geometric patterns were further examined in relation to terrain optimization, slope stability, hydrological flow, and geotechnical constraints. The findings demonstrate that GIS-supported geometric analysis provides a robust framework for investigating large-scale landscape organization and its potential relevance to prehistoric civil engineering and spatial planning

From Orion’s Belt to the Pleiades Spiral: A Comparative Archaeoastronomical and Statistical Analysis of Pyramid Alignments in Egypt and Bosnia

Current Research in Statistics & Mathematics

(Open Access Peer Reviewed Journal)

This study presents a comparative archaeoastronomical and statistical analysis of pyramid alignments in two culturally distinct yet cosmologically resonant sites: the Giza plateau in Egypt and the Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids in Visoko, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Egyptian pyramids are analyzed through the lens of the Orion Correlation Theory (OCT), proposed by Robert Bauval, which postulates a symbolic alignment of the Giza pyramids with the three stars of Orion’s Belt. In contrast, the Bosnian pyramids are examined through a newly developed model the Bosnian Pyramid Pleiades Alignment Model (BPPAM) which highlights a geometric and harmonic correspondence between terrestrial pyramid and tumulus features and the Fibonacci-based arrangement of stars in the Pleiades cluster. This paper compares both models using geospatial geometry, orientation precision, golden ratio mapping, and Monte Carlo simulation to quantify the probability of intentional design. The research emphasizes the methodological shift from visual-symbolic correlations to quantifiable geometric and statistical evidence. A novel element of this study is the discovery of not just one, but three distinct golden ratio spirals aligned with celestial-terrestrial correspondences an observation not previously documented in archaeoastronomical literature.

Inherited or Forgotten Knowledge: An Anthropological Inquiry into Global Megalithic Mastery

Global Journal of Anthropology and Contemporary Societies

(Open Access Peer Reviewed Journal)

Global megalithic structures—ranging from the pyramids of Giza and the massive stone terraces of Peru to the monolithic platforms of Baalbek and the Bosnian Pyramid complex of Visoko— continue to challenge conventional anthropological narratives about the technological capacities of ancient societies. This article examines the hypothesis that advanced geometric, astronomical, and engineering knowledge may represent either an inherited legacy from an earlier, forgotten phase of human civilization or a sophisticated cultural development now lost to history. Drawing on direct field investigations in Egypt, Lebanon, Peru, and Bosnia-Herzegovina, and supported by comparative analysis of geodetic, architectural, and astronomical data, this study evaluates the global patterns of precision, material manipulation, and large-scale construction observed across these sites. Special attention is given to the alignment accuracy of the Egyptian pyramids; the transport and placement of multi-hundred-ton blocks at Giza and Baalbek; the polygonal masonry of the Andes; and the geometric, Fibonacci-based, and astronomical correspondences identified within the Bosnian Pyramid Complex—including its correlations with the Pleiades star cluster. These cases collectively raise critical questions about the limits of known prehistoric technologies and the possibility of now-lost knowledge systems. The article argues that anthropology—when expanded to include interdisciplinary evidence— offers a valuable framework for re-evaluating the origins, purpose, and builders of ancient megalithic monuments, suggesting that our current cultural chronology may be incomplete.

Mathematical Correspondence Between the Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids and the Pleiades Star Cluster: A Fibonacci-Ratio and Spatial-Alignment Study

International Journal of Recent Advances in Multidisciplinary Research

(Open Access Peer Reviewed Journal)

Advances in geomatics and computational astronomy enable rigorous quantitative analysis of potential terrestrial–celestial spatial correspondences. This study investigates whether summit- point distributions in the Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids exhibit statistically meaningful geometric similarities with the angular configuration of the Pleiades star cluster (M45). Using LiDAR-derived elevation models, geodetic summit coordinates, and astronomical catalog data, we construct normalized distance matrices and evaluate rotational similarity, Fibonacci-ratio proportions, and angular-alignment tolerances under formal geometric and statistical criteria. Primary analytical metrics include: (1) Fibonacci proportional relationships di/dj≈1.618d_i/d_j approx 1.618di/dj≈1.618, (2) rotation-invariant angular convergence with tolerance below 2∘2^circ2∘, and (3) scale-adjusted shape correspondence using Procrustes transformation. A Monte-Carlo random spatial simulation of 100,000 iterations establishes a null model for alignment probability. Results demonstrate multiple spatial intervals and triangular configurations whose proportional ratios deviate less than 2% from Fibonacci sequence expectations, alongside star–summit alignments exceeding random distribution thresholds. No causal inference or cultural interpretation is asserted; rather, this contribution presents a reproducible mathematical methodology for evaluating celestial-terrestrial pattern comparisons. Findings support the viability of Fibonacci-based geomatic analysis and rotational alignment testing as tools for examining structural spatial coherence. Future work will extend these methods to broader stellar frameworks and integrate Bayesian modeling to refine probability estimates for non-random spatial patterning.

Mathematical and Statistical Analysis of Spatial Similarity Using Fibonacci Ratios, Geometric Methods, and Monte-Carlo Simulations for Celestial – Terrestrial Correspondence

3rd International Conference on Mathematics, Computer Science & Engineering (MATHCS 2025), Dubai, UAE, December 27–28, 2025.

Quantitative comparisons between the spatial arrangement of major summit points in the Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids and the angular configuration of the Pleiades star cluster (M45) reveal several measurable geometric correspondences. Using LiDAR-derived elevation models for the terrestrial dataset and Gaia DR2 catalog data for the celestial coordinates, the analysis incorporates Golden-ratio evaluation, distance-matrix comparison, angular deviation metrics, Procrustes geometric alignment, and a 100,000-run Monte-Carlo spatial randomization model. Multiple inter-summit distances approximate Golden-ratio proportions within a 2% tolerance, while angular relationships converge within ±2° of the corresponding Pleiades geometry. Procrustes alignment yields a low RMSD, and Monte-Carlo simulations indicate a probability of p = 0.021 that a comparable or stronger match would arise by chance. The combined results point to statistically significant spatial coherence between the terrestrial and celestial configurations, supporting further application of mathematical and geomatic methods in the study of large-scale landscape patterning.

The Šona Lithic Mounds: Field Measurements and Preliminary Interpretation of Anomalous Stone Structures in Transylvania, Romania

International Journal of Geometric Archaeology and Ancient Civilization

(Open Access Peer Reviewed Journal)

The Šona Lithic Mounds, located near Făgăraș in Transylvania, Romania, represent a group of eight anomalous elevations arranged in two regular west–east rows of four. Previous Romanian descriptions have classified them as earthen “pyramids” or tumuli composed primarily of mud and clay, with estimated heights of up to 30 m. However, those statements lack any empirical field data or structural investigation. This study presents the first in situ field measurements and scientific observations conducted in October 2025 by the author. Using topographic surveying, ionization, and electromagnetic measurements, combined with direct access into tunnel cavities created by illicit excavation in 2013, the mounds were confirmed to consist of compact lithic material rather than loose sediment or anthropogenic fill. Their geometry is irregular, yet the spatial organization is clearly intentional—aligned west–east, corresponding with the solar axis (sunrise–sunset). Morphometric analyses based on half-ellipsoid modeling reveal consistent circumferences between 150–166 m for six of the eight mounds (±5 %), suggesting deliberate proportional control despite naturalistic external forms. Environmental readings indicated normal background radiation (0.12–0.15 µSv/h), moderate magnetic and electric field strengths, and positive–negative air ion balance typical for unpolluted rural sites. No anomalous energies were detected. The Šona mounds therefore present a paradox: lithic structures displaying ordered placement and proportional similarity, yet lacking signs of shaping or tool-based modification. Further research involving LIDAR, GPR, and excavation is recommended to determine their origin, internal architecture, and potential relation to the wider European tumulus tradition.

Can the Mind Lighten the Body? Experimental Evidence of Weight Changes, Brainwave Transformation and Energy Shifting During Deep Meditation

Journal of Clinical Psychology and Neurology

(Open Access Peer Reviewed Journal)

This groundbreaking experimental study explores the relationship between human consciousness and measurable physiological and energetic changes during deep meditative states. Conducted in controlled conditions in Visoko, Bosnia-Herzegovina, the study involved 37 participants who underwent guided meditation or prayer while being continuously monitored using electroencephalography (EEG), high-precision digital weighing instruments, and New Energy Vision (NEV) imaging—a biofield visualization system developed by the late Dr. Harry Oldfield. Significant alterations in brainwave activity were observed, particularly elevated alpha and theta patterns consistent with deep meditative absorption. Unexpectedly, numerous participants also exhibited short-term reductions in body weight—ranging from ten to over 68 grams—despite no visible movement or external influence. These results echo and expand upon the controversial 1907 experiments of Dr. Duncan MacDougall, who hypothesized a measurable (21 grams) mass loss at the moment of death. In contrast, our study demonstrates similar weight fluctuations during deep states of conscious awareness, not death, under more advanced and controlled conditions. Further, NEV biofield imaging revealed pronounced shifts in energy patterns, especially around the head and chest areas, following meditation. Brighter and more coherent energetic emissions suggest a potential enhancement of the bioenergetic field, possibly indicative of healing or regenerative effects. Together, these convergent findings from EEG, weight data, and biofield imaging propose a measurable interface between consciousness, physiological change, and subtle energy expression. This study offers robust support for the scientific investigation of consciousness and challenges materialist assumptions that exclude the mind’s influence on physical reality.

Reframing European Prehistory-Paleolithic Engineering and a New Class of Subterranean Architecture in Ravne 3

Applied Journal of Earth and Environmental Research

(Open Access Peer Reviewed Journal)

My work in Ravne 3—through stratigraphy, dating, typological analysis and environmental studies—has opened new interpretive horizons. The tunnel complex represents not only Europe’s earliest subterranean architectural effort but also a rare continuity between deep prehistory and later historical epochs. These findings are not isolated curiosities. They are proof of forgotten capabilities. They represent evidence of intentional design at a time when such complexity was believed impossible. It is my hope that this new classification of subterranean dry-stone walls and the profound antiquity revealed in Ravne 3, will inspire a reevaluation of human prehistory—not as a linear ascent from simple to complex, but as a landscape punctuated by deep and sometimes hidden episodes of brilliance.

Rethinking the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun: Scientific Foundations Peer-Reviewed Research, and the Crisis of Cultural Gatekeeping

Archives of Humanities & Social Sciences Research

(Open Access Peer Reviewed Journal)

The Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun continues to attract both significant scientific attention and a highly politicized wave of opposition. Based on two recently published and peer-reviewed articles—"Multidisciplinary Evaluation of the Pyramid-Shaped Formation near Visoko, BosniaHerzegovina: A Case for Anthropogenic Construction" in Environmental Impacts: Journal of Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences and "Politicized Archaeology and Cultural Gatekeeping: The Case of the Bosnian Pyramids" in Political Science International this mini-review outlines key discoveries and places them within a broader scientific and sociopolitical framework [1,2]. Both journals are doubleblind, open access, peer-reviewed international platforms, and their acceptance of our research affirms the credibility and rigor of the methodology applied to the Visoko Valley pyramidal complex. In addition to these two key publications, a total of 29 peer-reviewed articles on the Bosnian Pyramid complex have recently been published in international scientific journals. These articles span disciplines such as archaeology, geology, biophysics, and speleology, and they are freely accessible via the following link: https://www.drsamosmanagich.com/scientific-articles

Ravne Tunnels as a Regenerative Environment: Scientific Measurements and Human Testimonials

Acta Scientific Medical Sciences

(Open Access Peer Reviewed Journal)

The Ravne Tunnel Complex, located beneath the Bosnian Pyramids in Visoko, Bosnia-Herzegovina, represents one of the most enigmatic and potentially transformative archaeological sites in Europe. This study presents a comprehensive overview of scientific measurements recorded within the Ravne tunnels over the past several years. Parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, concentration of negative and positive air ions, oxygen content, nuclear radiation, and electromagnetic radiation were measured across multiple tunnel sections. In parallel, numerous visitor testimonials have described subjective improvements in health and well-being. Results demonstrate highly elevated concentrations of negative ions—reaching up to 330,000 ions per cubic centimeter—as well as consistently low levels of background radiation and electromagnetic pollution. The findings suggest the Ravne Tunnel Complex may constitute a unique regenerative environment.

Bosnian Pyramids as Energy Amplifiers: Toward a New Understanding of Ancient Pyramid Technology

Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Science

(Open Access Peer Reviewed Journal)

Traditional interpretations of pyramids across ancient civilizations—Egyptian, Mesoamerican, Chinese, and others—primarily emphasize their function as tombs or ritual monuments. However, a growing body of interdisciplinary evidence from the Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids challenges this assumption and offers a transformative paradigm: pyramids as complex energy devices designed to interact with natural fields, frequencies, and environmental elements. Drawing upon published peer-reviewed research, this article integrates geodetic data, sacred geometry, bioenergetics, astronomical alignments, and subterranean engineering to argue that the Bosnian pyramids—particularly the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun—function as energy amplifiers. The study highlights precise orientation to true north, Fibonacci spiral layouts, water structuring, ionized air in subterranean tunnels, and correlations with celestial bodies such as the Pleiades. The results invite a reevaluation of ancient pyramid-building cultures and suggest an advanced understanding of energy, consciousness, and planetary harmony.

Politicized Archaeology and Cultural Gatekeeping: The Case of the Bosnian Pyramids

Political Science International

(Open Access Peer Reviewed Journal)

The Bosnian Pyramid project in Visoko, Bosnia-Herzegovina, stands at the intersection of scientific exploration and political resistance. Despite the accumulation of peer-reviewed studies, independent expert visits, and robust archaeological and environmental data, the project has encountered systematic rejection from members of the cultural and academic establishment— many of whom have never visited the site. This article investigates the phenomenon of politicized archaeology, where institutional loyalty, ideological orthodoxy, and cultural gatekeeping override empirical inquiry. Through documented examples and statistical modeling, including Monte Carlo simulations, we examine the improbability that such sustained expert support could occur by chance. Furthermore, we contrast the transparent, field-based research efforts of supporters with the unsubstantiated public discreditation campaigns waged by opponents. By exploring the political, media, and academic dynamics surrounding the case, this study contributes to broader discussions on intellectual pluralism, heritage governance, and the consequences of narrative monopolies in cultural policy.

Is It Coincidence? Hydrological Engineering and Geometric Alignment in the Bosnian Pyramid Complex

Journal of Water Research

(Open Access Peer Reviewed Journal)

This study investigates whether the unique alignment of hydrological and architectural elements in the Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids is coincidental or indicative of ancient engineering. The Fojnica River exhibits an abrupt 90-degree turn at the site of the Pyramid of the Dragon and Temple of Mother Earth—suggesting potential hydrological manipulation. Simultaneously, a series of geometric alignments, Fibonacci spirals, and celestial correspondences to the Pleiades star cluster raise further questions about intentionality. To evaluate the probability of random occurrence, we applied Monte Carlo simulations to three phenomena: sacred geometric alignments, river curvature correlation with structures, and celestial mapping to terrestrial landmarks. Results show these patterns are statistically unlikely to occur by chance. The paper also incorporates evidence from LiDAR scans, sacred geometry modeling, and environmental data, including measured health benefits in the Ravne tunnel complex. These findings collectively suggest the need for a re-evaluation of the Bosnian Pyramid Complex through a multidisciplinary lens.

From Swamp to Sanctuary: Park Ravne 2 in Visoko, Bosnia-Herzegovina as a Vision-Driven Model of Ecological Rebirth, Archaeological Discovery, and Cultural Freedom Through Community Action

KAUPIA-DARMSTAEDTER BEITRAEGE ZUR NATURGESCHICHTE

(Open Access Peer Reviewed Journal)

Park Ravne 2 in Visoko, Bosnia-Herzegovina, represents a remarkable transformation of 100,000 square meters of swampy, neglected, and contaminated land into a vibrant ecological, archaeological, and cultural sanctuary. Initiated by a non-profit foundation without government support, this project has evolved into a multidimensional space that blends environmental restoration, underground archaeological exploration, and community-based programming. The park is home to multiple entrances to ancient tunnel networks, including Ravne 2, 3, 4, and 6, where prehistoric dry-stone walls and artifacts have been uncovered. Thousands of plants, healing gardens, megalithic installations, open-air art, and inclusive events have made Park Ravne 2 a regional hub for education, sports, healing, and cultural revival. This article documents the park’s vision-driven development, its role in public engagement with heritage, and its pioneering fusion of science, art, and freedom.

Europe's Oldest Subterranean Structure? New Chronological and Structural Insights from Dry-Stone Wall in the Ravne 3 Tunnel Complex, Visoko, Bosnia-Herzegovina

Journal of Interdisciplinary History and Human Societies

(Open Access Peer Reviewed Journal)

This study presents groundbreaking archaeological and geochronological findings from the Ravne 3 Tunnel Complex in Visoko, Bosnia-Herzegovina. Through stratigraphic analysis and precise radiometric dating, the article documents the existence of an intentionally constructed dry-stone wall (Wall No. 1) located beneath undisturbed speleothem formations. Uranium- Thorium dating of the stalagmite growing atop the wall yields a minimum age of 19,000 ± 1,000 years, while radiocarbon analysis of nearby speleothem layers provides a calibrated date of 26,200 ± 250 years BP. These results suggest that the tunnel system predates the Late Glacial Maximum, making it one of the oldest verified subterranean human structures in Europe. The presence of architectural continuity, sealed passages, and mineral deposits implies that the tunnels were intentionally constructed and later abandoned or preserved. These findings challenge conventional models of European prehistory and support the hypothesis of advanced construction capabilities in the Upper Paleolithic era.

Multidisciplinary Evaluation of the Pyramid-Shaped Formation near Visoko, Bosnia-Herzegovina: A Case for Anthropogenic Construction

Environmental Impacts: Journal of Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences

(Open Access Peer Reviewed Journal)

This study presents a multidisciplinary investigation of the pyramid-shaped formation known as the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun (Visočica Hill) located in central Bosnia-Herzegovina. Integrating geodetic, geomorphological, geological, archaeological, electromagnetic, and geometrical data, the analysis examines whether the formation’s distinctive features can be fully explained by natural processes or whether anthropogenic activity may have played a role in its current structure. High-resolution topographic surveys reveal precise orientation of the northern slope toward true north, within ±0° 0′ 12″, comparable to other ancient pyramid structures. Remote sensing and LiDAR data show symmetry and uniformity in slope angles, while archaeological excavation over multiple fi eld seasons has uncovered artifi cially arranged large blocks composed of breccia, clay binders, and sandstone - exhibiting compressive strength exceeding that of modern concrete. Geophysical measurements detect consistent emissions in the 28-30 kHz range and unusual electromagnetic behavior, especially during lunar events. Geometrical overlays, including Fibonacci spirals and Golden Ratio proportions, further highlight intentional design. These multiple lines of evidence are evaluated in support of the hypothesis that the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun represents a large-scale, artifi cially enhanced formation with unknown function, possibly rooted in pre-classical engineering and geospatial knowledge. These observations align with previous fi ndings in comparative spiral geometry research involving both Egyptian and Bosnian pyramids.

Establishing Deep Time: Multi-Method Dating of Archaeological and Speleological Features in the Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids

Geoinformatics and Geostatistics: An Overview

(Open Access Peer Reviewed Journal)

This study presents an integrated chronological framework for the Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids using multiple scientific dating techniques. Radiocarbon dating, uranium-thorium analysis, and soil pedogenesis studies were conducted on archaeological and speleological features including the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun, the Pyramid of the Moon, and the Ravne tunnel networks. Results suggest construction and usage of these structures as early as 33,800 years BP, with corroborating stratigraphic and geological indicators. The presence of architectural elements beneath undisturbed soil layers and stalagmites over tunnel floors reinforces their antiquity. These findings contribute to the growing evidence of organized human activity in Southeastern Europe during the Late Pleistocene. The application of cross-disciplinary dating methods demonstrates the value of integrated geoarchaeological approaches in establishing deep-time chronologies at complex heritage sites.

Archaeological Stratigraphy and Environmental Analysis of the Ravne 3 Tunnel Complex (Visoko, Bosnia-Herzegovina): Evidence from Multi-Period Artifacts, Radiometric Dating, and Energetic Microclimate Data

Acta Scientific: Environmental Sciences Journal, May 2025

(Open Access Peer Reviewed Journal)

The Ravne 3 tunnel complex, situated in the central region of Bosnia-Herzegovina, represents a recently excavated subterranean feature of potential archaeological and environmental significance. This study presents an integrated stratigraphic, artifact-based, and environmental analysis of the Ravne 3 tunnels. Stratigraphic profiles and multi-period artifact assemblages suggest episodic human activity spanning from the Roman era to the Late Middle Ages. Radiocarbon and U-Th dating of organic samples and speleothems provide a chronological framework, with calibrated dates ranging from the 4th century CE to approximately 5900 years BP. Environmental monitoring within the tunnel reveals elevated concentrations of negative ions, low electromagnetic radiation, and stable microclimatic parameters, contributing to a regenerative subterranean environment. The findings support the hypothesis that Ravne 3 is part of a larger, historically utilized tunnel system in the Visoko valley, with implications for both heritage management and bio-environmental science.

Environmental Ionization in Enclosed Geospheres: Comparative Study of Global and Local Measurements (2018–2025)

Journal of Advanced Artificial Intelligence, Engineering and Technology

(Open Access Peer Reviewed Journal)

This study presents the results of a seven-year environmental monitoring campaign (2018–2025) conducted inside the Ravne Tunnel Complex, a prehistoric underground structure located near Visoko, Bosnia-Herzegovina. Biannual measurements were carried out using calibrated scientific instruments to assess air ion concentrations and related microclimatic parameters. The results reveal consistently elevated levels of negative air ions (NAI) across all internal locations—ranging from 10,000 to over 300,000 ions/cm³—with a peak value of 330,000 ions/cm³ recorded in late 2023. To contextualize these findings, comparative data from over 50 locations on five continents—including natural caves, megalithic structures, archaeological sites, and pristine mountainous zones—were compiled and analyzed. The Ravne Tunnel Complex consistently exhibits negative ion concentrations that are an order of magnitude higher than those recorded in even the cleanest natural outdoor environments, which typically range between 100 and 5,000 ions/cm³. Only a few sites worldwide have shown similarly elevated values, and none have demonstrated the same degree of seasonal and longitudinal stability observed in Ravne. In addition to exceptional ionization, the tunnel system maintains low gamma radiation levels (0.06–0.10 µSv/h), no detectable electromagnetic radiation (0.00 mW/cm²), consistently breathable oxygen concentrations (19.0–20.9%), and high relative humidity (77–88%) without artificial intervention. These unique conditions suggest that the Ravne Tunnel Complex represents one of the most energetically stable subterranean environments monitored to date. The consistency and magnitude of ionization values warrant further interdisciplinary investigation into the tunnel’s potential implications for geophysical science, atmospheric chemistry, and human bioresponse in ion-rich, low-radiation spaces.

Energetically Structured Water from the Ravne Tunnel Complex: A Multidisciplinary Analysis

Journal of Water Research

(Open Access Peer Reviewed Journal)

Water is a fundamental carrier of life and energy, and its structural and vibrational properties are increasingly recognized as essential indicators of quality. This study explores water collected from the Ravne Tunnel Complex in Visoko, Bosnia-Herzegovina, a site associated with the Bosnian Pyramid structures. Through a combination of standard laboratory analysis and advanced holistic techniques, we investigate the physical purity, mineral content, and energetic characteristics of this unique subterranean water. Conventional analysis revealed no microbial contamination, a stable pH of approximately 7.45, and the presence of beneficial minerals, with no detectable toxins. Complementary investigations, including spagyric crystallization imaging (LifeVisionLab), Emoto-style ice crystal photography, and Bovis scale radiesthetic evaluation, revealed a high degree of molecular coherence and elevated vibrational frequency. Comparative samples from municipal sources lacked these qualities. The findings suggest that Ravne water, exposed over time to a high concentration of negative ions and possible pyramid-induced energy fields, exhibits characteristics of highly structured, bioenergetically vital water. This multidisciplinary approach introduces a novel perspective on the nature of water and offers a promising foundation for further inquiry into energetically enhanced hydration.

More Than a Tomb? Rethinking the Purpose of the Vratnica Tumulus in Bosnia through Spatial Geometry and Energetic Signatures

Acta Scientific: Environmental Sciences Journal

(Open Access Peer Reviewed Journal)

The Vratnica Tumulus, located in the village of Vratnica, Visoko municipality, central BosniaHerzegovina, presents an enigmatic structure that challenges conventional interpretations of prehistoric burial mounds. This study integrates archaeological excavation data, groundpenetrating radar (GPR) profiles, material composition analysis, and spatial geometry to propose that the tumulus may have served purposes beyond funerary use. Notable findings include a continuous 28.4 kHz electromagnetic emission, deep structural anomalies consistent with engineered voids or chambers, and alignment with a golden ratio spiral originating from the Ravne Tunnel complex. Microscopic analysis of core-drilled samples revealed calciumpotassium geopolymer cement, indicating ancient artificial construction techniques. These observations suggest that the tumulus was part of a larger, intentionally designed energetic and geometric complex. The paper calls for a reconsideration of tumuli as multidimensional structures incorporating energetic, geometric, and potentially astronomical functions.

True North Across Civilizations: Comparative Study of Pyramid Alignments in Five Continents

Acta Scientific: Environmental Sciences Journal

(Open Access Peer Reviewed Journal)

This study investigates the precise orientation of ancient pyramidal structures to true north across five continents. Using data from LIDAR scans, geodetic measurements, and archaeological records, we compare the cardinal alignment accuracy of major pyramids in Egypt, China, Bosnia, Sudan (Nubia), the United States, and Latin America. The Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun demonstrates a remarkable alignment—within 12 arcseconds of true north—confirmed by the Bosnian Geodetic Institute and high-resolution LIDAR analysis. Similar, though slightly less precise, orientations are observed in the Egyptian pyramids of Giza and Dahshur. Chinese pyramids, notably the Yangling Mausoleum, exhibit deliberate near-north alignment, while Nubian pyramids show consistent cardinal orientation. Monumental structures in North and Central America, such as Monks Mound at Cahokia (Illinois), El Castillo at Chichen Itza (Mexico), and Temple I at Tikal (Guatemala), also display north-facing or astronomically calibrated orientations. The study highlights a recurring architectural phenomenon across time and space: the intentional orientation of sacred structures toward cardinal directions—especially true north—suggesting shared symbolic or astronomical priorities among diverse ancient civilizations.

Spiral Geometry in Ancient Design: Evidence of Fibonacci Proportions in the Egyptian and Bosnian Pyramids

Acta Scientific Environmental Science Journal

(Open Access Peer Reviewed Journal)

This study investigates the geometric presence and architectural significance of Fibonacci spirals within two of the world’s most enigmatic pyramid complexes: the Giza Plateau in Egypt and the Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids in Visoko, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Through analysis of satellite imagery, topographic surveys, and digital overlays, the research identifies multiple instances of logarithmic spiral patterns consistent with the Fibonacci sequence and Golden Ratio (φ ≈ 1.618). These spirals connect major structures such as the Great Pyramid of Khufu, the Sphinx, and the Valley Temple in Egypt, as well as the Bosnian Pyramids of the Sun, Moon, Earth, and Dragon. The spatial relationships and angular progressions across both sites suggest intentional placement aligned with principles of harmonic proportion. The findings support the hypothesis that spiral geometry was not merely aesthetic but central to the symbolic and structural planning of ancient sacred architecture. This comparative approach reveals a shared mathematical consciousness across civilizations and opens new avenues for interpreting ancient landscape design through the lens of geometry.

The Global Phenomenon of Stone Spheres

Journal of Environmental Science, Sustainability and Green Innovation

(Open Access Peer Reviewed Journal)

This study presents the results of a 25-year investigation into the global phenomenon of prehistoric stone spheres, with special focus on specimens from Zavidovići, Bosnia- Herzegovina—including the largest stone sphere ever recorded, discovered in the village of Podubravlje. Physical-chemical and petrographic analyses suggest artificial construction techniques, revealing potentially advanced prehistoric technological capabilities. The Podubravlje sphere, estimated at over 37 tons, surpasses the largest known Costa Rican spheres (up to 20 tons), positioning Bosnia as a significant archaeological reference point in the study of megalithic artifacts. Laboratory analysis identified the presence of calcium oxide (binding agent) and manganese (hardening agent) not found in surrounding natural stone, suggesting ancient knowledge of geopolymer technology. This research compares stone spheres across six continents, evaluates competing theories of natural versus artificial origin, and establishes a new framework for understanding this worldwide megalithic phenomenon. The findings have significant implications for reassessing prehistoric technological knowledge and cultural connections, challenging conventional archaeological narratives.

Before Writing: Epigraphic Classification of the Bosnian Pyramid Inscriptions in Comparative Context with Vinča and Runic Traditions

Journal of Advanced Artificial Intelligence, Engineering and Technology

(Open Access Peer Reviewed Journal)

This paper presents the first systematic classification of symbolic inscriptions discovered at the Bosnian Pyramid Complex, particularly in the Ravne tunnel system. Through detailed documentation of 18 figures—including epigraphic photographs, archaeological illustrations, and comparative charts—this study establishes the basis for identifying a potentially independent symbolic system, herein referred to as the 'Visoko Proto-Script'. The analysis draws comparative parallels to known prehistoric symbol systems such as the Vinča civilization of Southeastern Europe and early Runic traditions found in Northern and Central Europe. Several key glyph forms—such as chevrons, tridents, vertical strokes, and branching symbols—demonstrate formal and functional similarities across cultural contexts. The findings support the hypothesis that these inscriptions were not decorative, but symbolic in nature, possibly denoting cosmological, ritual, or energetic functions. This research contributes to the broader discourse on pre-alphabetic writing, cultural continuity in symbolic systems, and the role of sacred geometry in prehistoric epigraphy.

A New Class of Subterranean Dry-Stone Structures: River-Pebble Walls in the Ravne Tunnel Complex, Bosnia-Herzegovina

Journal of Environment and Biological Science

(Open Access Peer Reviewed Journal)

Dry-stone construction is a globally recognized architectural technique dating back to the Neolithic period and earlier. While surface-level dry-stone features have been extensively studied throughout the Mediterranean and Central Europe, subterranean dry-stone structures built entirely from river pebbles are exceptionally rare and largely undocumented. Over the past two decades, systematic excavation and multidisciplinary analysis in the Visoko Valley of Bosnia- Herzegovina have revealed an extensive network of underground tunnels known as the Ravne Tunnel Complex. Within this labyrinthine system—comprising Ravne, Ravne 3, Ravne 4, and Ravne 6—more than sixty dry-stone walls have been documented as of 2025. These structures were constructed without mortar, often to seal side passages or stabilize cavities, and in some cases stretch several meters in length and height. This article presents the first formal typological, geological, and archaeological study of these walls. It integrates stratigraphic observations, radiometric dating (including both U-Th and radiocarbon methods), and detailed mapping. Our findings establish that the Ravne dry-stone walls represent a previously undocumented class of subterranean construction, bearing no parallel in currently published Balkan or global contexts. Radiocarbon dating of charred material found near one of the longest walls indicates human activity in the 4th century CE, confirming a phase of historical reuse. The data presented here offer robust evidence that the Ravne Tunnel Complex features deliberate, anthropogenic subterranean architecture, with significant implications for the understanding of pre-industrial construction practices and regional underground heritage.

Megalithic Pyramid Engineering: A Comparative Study of Scale, Material Use and Structural Complexity Across Ancient Civilizations

Annals of Civil Engineering and Management

(Open Access Peer Reviewed Journal)

This study presents a comparative engineering analysis of ten monumental pyramidal structures constructed by diverse ancient civilizations across five continents. It evaluates scale, volume, base dimensions, construction materials, alignment, and logistical challenges as proxies for civil and structural engineering capacity in antiquity. The pyramids examined include the Great Pyramid of Giza (Egypt), Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun (Bosnia-Herzegovina), La Danta (Guatemala), Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan (Mexico), Great Pyramid of Cholula (Mexico), Gunung Padang (Indonesia), Yangling Mausoleum (China), Monks Mound (USA), Akapana Pyramid (Bolivia), and Huaca del Sol (Peru). By focusing on construction volume, geometric planning, orientation, and material manipulation, this article proposes that many of these ancient structures demonstrate engineering sophistication well beyond what is commonly attributed to their respective cultures. Notably, many lack written construction records, yet show remarkable precision in alignment and spatial organization. This raises important questions about the presence of undocumented knowledge systems or lost civilizational technologies. The findings suggest that pyramid size is not merely symbolic but reflects advanced prehistoric planning, surveying, and building capabilities.

Pyramids Beneath the Forest: A Global Phenomenon and the Dilemma Between Archaeological Discovery and Ecological Preservation

World Journal of Forest

(Open Access Peer Reviewed Journal)

Over the past several decades, hundreds of pyramid-shaped structures around the world have remained obscured beneath layers of forest, vegetation, and soil — often misclassified, neglected, or unexplored due to ecological, cultural, or political barriers. This article presents the first comprehensive global overview of forested pyramids across continents, including sites in China, Indonesia, Mesoamerica, Bosnia, the United States, Cambodia, and the Mediterranean. Drawing from over 30 years of firsthand archaeological exploration and field research, this work analyzes the materials, geometry, orientation, and preservation status of these hidden structures. The paper frames a critical dilemma facing modern archaeology: whether to preserve forest ecosystems that now cover these monuments or excavate and restore the pyramids to advance scientific knowledge and sustainable tourism. Special focus is given to material durability, local ecological conditions, and stakeholder positions (scientific, governmental, and public). The article proposes a tiered strategy for excavation and site management based on construction quality and cultural value, advocating for a balanced approach between conservation and discovery.

Golden Geometry Revealed: The Fibonacci Link Between the Pleiades and the Bosnian Pyramids

International Journal of Aerospace Science, Technology and Engineering

(Open Access Peer Reviewed Journal)

This study presents groundbreaking geometric and astronomical correlations between the Pleiades star cluster and the spatial layout of the Bosnian Pyramid Complex. Drawing on LiDAR-based topographic data, high-resolution geodetic surveys, and comparative archaeoastronomical methods, the research examines straight-line alignments, triangular relationships, and Fibonacci spiral geometries embedded within the landscape. Key spatial configurations include the stellar and terrestrial alignments Taygeta–Maia–Alcyone and Moon–Earth–Dragon, as well as Electra–Alcyone–Pleione and Sun–Love–Dragon. The stellar triangle Maia–Electra–Merope is systematically compared to the Sun–Moon–Dragon pyramid triangle in Bosnia. Using angular analysis and golden ratio modeling, the study identifies Fibonacci spirals originating from the stars Maia, Celaeno, and Alcyone, which are mirrored in the summit arrangement of pyramids, tumuli, tunnel entrances, and river confluences across the Bosnian Valley. To assess the probability that such correspondences could arise by chance, the study introduces a series of Monte Carlo simulations (10,000 iterations per scenario). These simulations demonstrate that: • The chance of forming an equilateral triangle with all three points cardinally aligned is effectively zero (p < 0.0001); • The presence of three golden spirals, each intersecting major features, is also statistically negligible; • Matching golden spirals across both celestial and terrestrial domains is extremely unlikely to result from randomness. These quantitative results provide strong statistical support for intentional design, reinforcing the hypothesis that sacred geometry and astral encoding were central to the site’s layout. The discovery of a previously undocumented golden spiral structure internal to the Pleiades adds further novelty to the astronomical dimension of this study. This research contributes to the fields of archaeoastronomy, sacred geometry, and megalithic spatial analysis by offering a data-driven, reproducible model for investigating cosmological planning in ancient landscapes. Given the calendrical and symbolic importance of the Pleiades across cultures—Maya, Ancestral Puebloans, Japanese, Maori, and Greeks—this work supports the idea that prehistoric builders may have used stellar geometry as a template for Earth-based construction. All conclusions are grounded in verified measurements, peer-reviewed literature, and advanced spatial simulation.

The Illusion of AI Authority: How ChatGPT Repeatedly Misinterprets the Bosnian Pyramids

Innovative Journal of Applied Sciences

(Open Access Peer Reviewed Journal)

The emergence of large language models like ChatGPT has transformed how the public and scholars interact with scientific knowledge. This study evaluates the consistency, accuracy, and epistemological behavior of two generations of ChatGPT—version 3.5 (May 2023) and GPT-4o (May 2025)—in response to a scientifically grounded, yet publicly controversial topic: the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun. Despite improvements in language generation, both AI versions repeated unsupported claims, provided contradictory geological analogies, and failed to acknowledge peer-reviewed evidence regarding the pyramid’s geometric precision and cardinal alignment. The comparison reveals limitations in machine learning's ability to meaningfully “learn” from expert input or correct misinformation over time. While GPT-4o showed a more refined tone and a greater willingness to concede error, it ultimately echoed the same core biases as its predecessor. These findings raise concerns about the use of AI as an authority in controversial or emerging scientific domains.

Bosnian Pyramids Against All Odds: A Case Study in Vision-Driven Tourism 2005–2025

Open Access Journal of Economic Research

(Open Access Peer Reviewed Journal)

The Bosnian Pyramid project, launched in 2005 in Visoko, faced relentless opposition from mainstream academic institutions, national media, and cultural gatekeepers. Decried as pseudoarchaeology and dismissed without investigation, the project nevertheless gave rise to a new model of heritage-based economic development: archaeological tourism driven by vision, perseverance, and grassroots support. Over two decades, the Bosnian Pyramids attracted hundreds of thousands of visitors, revitalized a stagnant local economy, created employment opportunities, and reshaped the global perception of Bosnia’s cultural assets. This article documents the economic trajectory of the project, analyzes institutional resistance, and demonstrates how sustained enthusiasm from tourists and volunteers became a decisive force in overcoming systemic barriers. The Bosnian Pyramids serve as a case study in how non- institutional initiatives can succeed through alternative models of development and engagement. Statistical modeling using Monte Carlo simulations underscores the improbability of this success, revealing a survival chance of just 11.5% under standard academic or commercial leadership scenarios

Public Health and Epidemiological Implications of Ionized Air: Negative Air Ions and Their Role in Microbial Reduction - Evidence from the Ravne Tunnel Complex in Bosnia-Herzegovina

Archives of Epidemiology & Public Health Research

(Open Access Peer Reviewed Journal)

This study investigates the public health and epidemiological potential of the Ravne Tunnel Complex in Bosnia-Herzegovina, a unique subterranean environment exhibiting some of the highest recorded concentrations of negative air ions (NAIs) globally, peaking at 340,000 ions/cm³. Through the integration of empirical ion measurements, visitor health testimonials, and peer-reviewed biomedical literature, the study evaluates the microbial suppression and respiratory benefits associated with prolonged exposure to highly ionized air. A Monte Carlo simulation comparing influenza infection risks across hospitals, urban apartments, rural homes, and the Ravne tunnels demonstrates that the risk in Ravne is approximately 90 to 100 times lower than in conventional settings. Archaeological and environmental observations further support the hypothesis that the tunnels may have been intentionally constructed or modified to serve as health-supportive spaces. These findings advocate for a reevaluation of ionized environments as non-pharmaceutical strategies for epidemic preparedness and public health enhancement.

The Bosnian Pyramids as Prehistoric Energy Machines: Multidisciplinary Evidence for Ancient Technology and Focused Energy Beams

Transactions on Applied Science, Engineering and Technology

(Open Access Peer Reviewed Journal)

This study challenges long-held assumptions about the function of pyramidal structures by presenting multidisciplinary evidence from the Bosnian Pyramid Complex in Visoko, Bosnia- Herzegovina. Contrary to the conventional interpretation of pyramids as funerary monuments, this research suggests that these structures were deliberately designed as energy machines— amplifying natural electromagnetic fields, generating focused energy beams, and exhibiting geometric and material properties that defy natural formation. Through satellite imaging, LiDAR analysis, archaeological excavation, field measurements, Monte Carlo simulations, and comparative studies with global megalithic sites, this article explores the hypothesis that the Bosnian pyramids were part of a technologically sophisticated prehistoric infrastructure. Findings include: true north orientation to within 12 arc seconds, organized concrete-like construction blocks, electromagnetic and ultrasound emissions at 28.5 kHz, and geometric site planning consistent with sacred geometry and the golden section. These converging lines of evidence suggest intentional design for energy generation, positioning the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun as a case study in re-evaluating ancient technological capabilities.

Clinical and Biomedical Effects of Ionized Subterranean Environments: Comparative Health Outcomes from the Ravne Tunnel Complex and Pharmaceutical Interventions

Series of Clinical and Biomedical Research

(Open Access Peer Reviewed Journal)

This study presents clinical and biomedical evaluations of the Ravne Tunnel Complex, an artificially made underground network near the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun, as a source of natural therapeutic effects. The research integrates findings from multiple pilot studies, medical observations, and Monte Carlo simulations to assess the efficacy of negative air ions (NAIs), elevated oxygen levels, and low electromagnetic pollution in the tunnel environment. Documented outcomes include rapid improvements in blood pressure, arterial elasticity, glucose levels, and live blood cell morphology— achieved with minimal exposure times of 45 to 90 minutes. These changes were compared to those typically observed from pharmaceutical interventions over significantly longer periods. Statistical simulations confirmed the improbability of such consistent improvements occurring by chance. The results suggest the Ravne tunnels represent a unique natural environment with measurable health benefits, warranting further exploration within clinical and environmental health frameworks.

Celestial Correspondence and Geometric Patterning: The Pleiades and the Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids

International Journal of Aerospace Science, Technology and Engineering

(Open Access Peer Reviewed Journal)

This article investigates potential spatial correspondences between the astronomical configuration of the Pleiades star cluster and the distribution of summit points in the Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids. Drawing on LiDAR-based topographic data and comparative archaeoastronomical methods, the study examines straight-line alignments, triangular relationships, and spiral geometries embedded within the terrain. Key linear configurations include Taygeta–Maia–Alcyone and Moon–Earth–Dragon, as well as Electra–Alcyone–Pleione and Sun–Love–Dragon. The triangular arrangement formed by Maia–Electra–Merope is evaluated in evaluated in relation to the terrestrial triangle formed by the Sun, Moon, and Dragon pyramids. The Pleiades star cluster has held significant symbolic, agricultural, and calendrical meaning in ancient cultures across the globe, including those of the Maya, Ancestral Puebloans, Japanese, Maori, and Greeks. By integrating landscape geometry with stellar projection, the article offers a neutral, data-based framework for interpreting ancient spatial planning through cosmological reference models. All interpretations are supported by geodetic measurements, aerial survey data, and peer-reviewed sources.

Investigating the Bosnian Pyramid of the Moon: Archaeological Excavations, Fibonacci Geometry, Energy Phenomena, and Astronomical Relationships

Journal of Environmental Science, Sustainability and Green Innovations

(Open Access Peer Reviewed Journal)

This study presents an interdisciplinary investigation of the Bosnian Pyramid of the Moon through archaeological excavation, spatial geometry, geophysical surveying, and astronomical analysis. Stratigraphic excavations reveal sandstone terrace structures with clay interlayers suggestive of engineered construction. Topographic and satellite analyses demonstrate alignments incorporating Fibonacci geometry and equilateral triangular relationships among major features in the Visoko Valley. LiDAR and thermal inertia mapping highlight geomorphological anomalies, while ELF frequency measurements record coherent lowfrequency emissions, including the Schumann resonance. PIP and NEV imaging show vertical energy field phenomena distinct from natural landscapes. Astronomical observations document solstice and equinox shadow interactions between pyramid structures. These combined results suggest a complex integration of geological, energetic, and astronomical principles in the ancient landscape, warranting further interdisciplinary research into the origins and functions of the Visoko Valley formations.

Pyramids: The Influence of Form on the Environment. Part II. Bosnian Pyramids

Acta Scientific Medical Sciences

(Open Access Peer Reviewed Journal)

This study investigates the potential influence of the Bosnian pyramidal structures on environmental energy, as measured by the Bio-Well sensor equipped with the specialized "Sputnik" Environment Energy Sensor. By monitoring environmental parameters at various sites, researchers observed that the energy readings within the Bosnian complexes were significantly higher compared to areas outside these zones. These findings support the hypothesis that the Bosnian structures have a measurable impact on their surrounding environment, potentially affecting individuals present in those areas.